#: locale=en
## Action
### Text to Speech
TextToSpeechBehaviour_0AF0D135_0D81_F94A_419E_54A5592E96F7.text = Next Pano \
TextToSpeechBehaviour_31790246_12C5_740A_419A_C19B8BFDFA0B.text = Orient Leftwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_300374CD_12C5_1C1E_41B1_03F3EF8E0978.text = Orient backwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_3178F497_12C5_1C09_419F_4C24FF6E7330.text = Orient frontwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_3024FA07_12C7_1409_418D_D9DDE93728EB.text = Orient rightwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_30578C46_12C5_6C0B_417E_D3F3884E9B9A.text = Previous Pano
TextToSpeechBehaviour_5AFF2D8E_4A50_ED0A_41C7_263AA75E4EE0.text = Scott Joplin House State Historic Site \
2658 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103 \
Office Number: 314-340-5790
TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6A449AC_F5AF_6C50_41E1_8EC908558C51.text = Scott Joplin House State Historic Site \
2658 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103 \
Office Number: 314-340-5790
### URL
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## Hotspot
### Text
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC5222D5_0D80_58CA_419B_F4D8C7B0E2C0.text = Enter Tour
## Media
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HTMLText_688A54FE_31F4_D064_41A1_6F4611596509_mobile.html = CONTACT
First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site
200 South Main St., St. Charles, MO 63301
Office Number: 636-940-3322
Email: firststatecapitolstatehistoricsite@dnr.mo.gov
CONTACT
First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site
200 South Main St., St. Charles, MO 63301
Office Number: 636-940-3322
Email: firststatecapitolstatehistoricsite@dnr.mo.gov
A brick building front left. An arch walkway ahead.
A brick two story building front left. A stone paver sidewalk runs straight ahead front right.
A doorway front left and window center. A dresser and chair front right.
A table and chair back left. A bench back center. A hutch back right. A hutch table front right.
Brick two story buildings on the left. A brick road runs off into the distance. A log bench front left.
A bird's eye view. Buildings far left. Trees left. A river front center runs off into the distance on right.
A bird's eye view. Buildings far right. Trees right. A river front center runs off into the distance on left. A grass field front right.
A bird's eye view. Buildings far right. Trees right. A river front center runs off into the distance on left.
A bird's eye view. Trees and buildings off in the distance. A glimpse of the river back right. Buildings and streets front center.
A bird's eye view. Trees and buildings off in the distance. Buildings and streets front center.
A bird's eye view. Trees and buildings. A river front center. Click for aerial view.
A bird's eye view. Trees far right. Buildings left. A parking lot and road center. A river runs off into the distance right.
A bird's eye view. Trees off in the distance. A grass yard left. Trees and buildings center. A parking lot front center.
A bird's eye view. Trees off in the distance. A river runs left to right . A grass yard with a few buildings front center. Click for aerial view.
A bird's eye view. Trees off in the distance. A river runs left to right. A row of building front left. A grass field front right.
A bird's eye view. Trees off in the distance. A river runs off into the distance on left. A grass field front left. A row of buildings front center. Click to move forward. Click for aerial view.
A bird's eye view. Trees off in the distance. Building center. Trees front center. Click for aerial view.
A brick building. A window front right and front left. An arch walkway front center. Click to move forward. Tab for information.
A brick wall with a doorway front left. A bench front right.
A brick wall with a doorway front right.
A brick wall with windows and a doorway front right. Benches on the left.
A covered porch with a railing back left. A brick wall with a window front center. A doorway front right.
A covered porch with a railing. Steps going down front left. A staircase goes up front right.
A covered porch. A brick wall with a door and windows left. Benches back center.
A covered porch. A brick wall with a window front left.
A covered porch. a brick wall on the right, and a railing to the left.
A door and window back left. Barrells, bags and a stove are on the left. Traps hang overhead
A door and window left. A table, chair and bench back left. A table and hutch back center. A bed front right.
A door left and window center. Barrells and bags that have printed on them "corn" and "beans"
A doorway and window on the left. Shelves to the right and A counter center
A doorway back left, and a doorway and window back right. A stove back left. Five rows of benches front center.
A doorway center and a bench to the left. Two rows of benches on the right.
A doorway front right and a bench. A stove on the left.
A doorway front right. Shelving and chairs on the left
A fireplace front right. A dresser and table back left. A rocking chair front center. Herbs hang overhead front right.
A fireplace left and a window back right. A table and chairs back center. A table, bench and chair front left. A rocking chair front center.
A fireplace left, a window back center and door back right. A table and chairs left.
A large opening on the left, a window back center and door to the right. Three rows of a tables with a green cloths and two chairs. Documents on the tables.
A two story building and trees back center. A garden fence right. A grass yard front center.
A white plank wall with a doorway front right.
A white plank wall with blue trim. A doorway front left and front right.
A white room with a rafter ceiling, with window center and doorway front right. A bed, dresser and crib front left. A side table front center.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway back center and window back right. A bench back left. A stove left. A row of benches right. A railing, and a table with a lap desk front left.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway back left. A chair back left. A bench and hutch back center. A chair and stool back right. A table and chair front left.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway back left. Two chairs back left. A bench back right. A stove front left. A chair and table front right.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway center and back right. A bench back center. A stove front left. Benches front right. Click to move forward. Tab for information.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway left, and a doorway and two windows back center. Two rows of five benches back center. A table with green cloth and sand shakers front left. A railing front center.
A white room with blue trim, a doorway left. A chair front left. A bench front right. A portrait hangs center.
A white room with blue trim, a fireplace left and a window back center. A table with two chairs and a mannequin back center.
A white room with blue trim, a large opening back center and two windows right. A table with green cloth and chair back center. Two rows of benches left. A flag pole right. A railing front left. A table with green cloth and chair front center.
A white room with blue trim, a large opening back left, and a window right. Benches left. A railing, table with green cloth and chair front center.
A white room with blue trim, a window back center. A hutch, chair and stool back left. A chair and bench back right. A portrait on the wall
A white room with blue trim, a window left and door right. A bench back left. Two sets of tables with a green cloth and two chairs front left.
A white room with blue trim, a window left. Two chairs and a table back center. A bench and chair front left.
A white room with blue trim, three windows back center. A one step platform with a table with a green cloth and chair center. A railing front center.
A white room with blue trim, three windows back center. A railing, table with green cloth and chair back left and front center.
A white room with blue trim, three windows back center. A table with green cloth and chair back left and back center. A railing, table, chair and grandfather clock back right.
A white room with blue trim, two windows back center. A table with green cloth front left and front center. A gavel on the table.
A white room with blue trim, two windows left and a large opening back center. Two tables with a green cloth and two chairs back left. Four sets of tables with a green cloth and two chairs front center.
A white room with blue trim, two windows left and a large opening back right. A row of five benches back center and front center.
A white room with blue trim, two windows left and a step down front center. A grandfather clock, table and chair in the center. A chair and a table with a green cloth and documents front right.
A white room with blue trim. A fireplace back center. A table with a green cloth and Quill pens on it. A portrait hangs over the fireplace.
A white room with blue trim. An arm chair and table back left. A stove and storage bin front center. Two chairs front right. A map hangs center. A portrait hangs right.
A white wall with a doorway front right.
A white wall with a rafter ceiling, a window left and door center. on the left there is a spinning wheel. to the right a table.
A white wall with blue trim, a window center. A flag pole front center.
A white wall with blue trim, a window left and right.
A white wall with blue trim, a window left and right. A chair front left. A bench front center.
A white wall with blue trim. A door front right.
A white wall with blue trim. A table and two chairs back left. A hutch center. A chair front left. A table front right.
A window back center and a doorway back right. A dresser and side table back center. A bed front left. a
A window back left, and a large opening right. Five rows of benches front center.
A window back right. A hutch and bed in the center of the room.
A window back right. Shelves back center and A counter front center.
A window center. Shelves and a counter on left, and A rifle and furs the counter.
A window left and a large opening back right. A table with a green cloth and two chairs left. A table with a green cloth right.
Adoorway left and a fireplace back center. A dresser and chairs back left. A table and chairs front right.
An armchair, table and stove back center. A chair back right. A hutch and chair left. A table and chairs front right.
Shelves and a bench back right. Storage bins, bags, and a stove front left. A box with a saddle center.
The corner of a brick wall with a door right.
The corner of a covered porch. A brick wall with a doorway front left. A railing front right.
The corner of a covered porch. A post center. A railing front left and front right.
The corner of a covered porch. A railing front left and front center. A brick wall front right.
The corner of a white room with a rafter ceiling, a window left. A table back center. A table with documents front left. A rocking chair and a bench are in the center of teh room.
The corner of a white room with blue trim, a large opening left and window right. A table with green cloth and chair back right.
The corner of a white room with blue trim, a window left. A grandfather clock back center. A railing, table and chair front center.
The corner of a white room with blue trim, a window left. A grandfather clock center. A chair and table front right.
The corner of a white room with blue trim. A table with a green cloth front left.
The corner of a white room with blue trim. An armchair front center. A table front right. A portrait hangs right.
The corner of a white room with rafter ceiling and a doorway front left. A dresser front center. A chair and table front right.
Three windows back center. A hutch, chair and stool back left. A bench and two chairs back center. A table and four chairs front left.
Trees and a fenced yard back left. A covered porch with a railing front left. A brick wall and bench front right.
Trees and a grass yard in the distance. A covered porch with a railing and staircase down on the left.
Trees and a grass yard in the distance. A covered porch with a staircase up front left. Steps going down ahead.
Trees and a river off in the distance. A fence back center. A wooden building right.
Trees and brick buildings in the distance. Trees back center. A stone foundation left. A covered wood pavillion center.
Trees and buildings in the distance. A brick two story building back left. A brick road runs off into the distance left. A brick two story building with a single step brick landing and door right. A light post right. A stone paver sidewalk front center. Click to move forward. Tab for information.
Trees and buildings in the distance. A brick two story building with a single step brick landing and door left. A light post left. A brick road runs off into the distance right. A stone paver sidewalk front center.
Trees and buildings in the distance. A fence and trees back right. A grass yard front center.
Trees and buildings off in the distance on the right. A wooden building with a breezeway front left.
Trees and buildings off in the distance. Two story brick buildings back left. A log bench ahead with A brick road running left to right behind it.
Trees back left. A brick road runs left to right. A stone paver sidewalk and a log bench front center.
Trees in the distance. A tree center. A garden trellis and fence right. A grass yard front center. Click to move forward.
Trees off in the distance. A covered porch with a railing front center.
Two chairs, a table, a hutch and a table back center. A bench and chair left. Four chairs and a table with a top hat in the center.
Two story brick building with a covered two story porch. Steps lead up to the first level of the porch back center. A fence left.
Two story brick building with a covered two story porch. Steps up to the first level porch back center. A brick walkway front left. A stone foundation ahead.
Two windows back left and a large opening back right. A row of five benches back center and front left.
First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site
• Square Feet: Approx. 6,000
• Rooms: 11 (3 cellars)
• Fireplaces: 4
• Stories: 2
• Years Built: 1818-1819
• Materials: Brick and wood
First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site
• Square Feet: Approx. 6,000
• Rooms: 11 (3 cellars)
• Fireplaces: 4
• Stories: 2
• Years Built: 1818-1819
• Materials: Brick and wood
Abraham Williams, 3rd Governor
Abraham Williams was born in Virginia with one leg and used crutches throughout his life. He moved to Ohio and then to Boone County, Missouri, by 1820. He opened one of the first general stores in Columbia, became a prominent farmer and served as Missouri’s 3rd governor. Williams owned at least one enslaved person according to the 1830 census. Williams ran and was elected state senator in 1822, but never intended to become governor. In 1825, while serving as the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Williams found himself next in line to become governor due to Lieutenant Governor Benjamin Reeves’ resignation and Governor Frederick Bates’ death. John Miller replaced him following a special election in accordance with State Law. In 1835, as the president of the Boone County Agricultural Society, Williams organized Missouri’s first agricultural fair.
Abraham Williams, 3rd Governor
Abraham Williams was born in Virginia with one leg and used crutches throughout his life. He moved to Ohio and then to Boone County, Missouri, by 1820. He opened one of the first general stores in Columbia, became a prominent farmer and served as Missouri’s 3rd governor. Williams owned at least one enslaved person according to the 1830 census. Williams ran and was elected state senator in 1822, but never intended to become governor. In 1825, while serving as the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Williams found himself next in line to become governor due to Lieutenant Governor Benjamin Reeves’ resignation and Governor Frederick Bates’ death. John Miller replaced him following a special election in accordance with State Law. In 1835, as the president of the Boone County Agricultural Society, Williams organized Missouri’s first agricultural fair.
Benches, ca. 1820s
When the legislature met in the Capitol, they faced the simple problem of where to sit. Unlike in the Senate chamber with only 14 senators, the House of Representatives had to accommodate 43 men in a limited area. To save space, the representatives sat on benches and used lap desks for writing, rather than using tables like in the Senate.
Benches, ca. 1820s
When the legislature met in the Capitol, they faced the simple problem of where to sit. Unlike in the Senate chamber with only 14 senators, the House of Representatives had to accommodate 43 men in a limited area. To save space, the representatives sat on benches and used lap desks for writing, rather than using tables like in the Senate.
Hutch Table
A hutch table, or monk’s bench, is a versatile piece of furniture with a hinged top that can be used as a table or a chair. While the original purpose is not known, hutch tables are useful space savers. In a one-room home, like the Peck Residence, space is a luxury. The tabletop can be flipped vertically and stored against a wall when not in use. When used as a chair and positioned in front of a fire, the backside would reflect heat, keeping the user warm.
Hutch Table
A hutch table, or monk’s bench, is a versatile piece of furniture with a hinged top that can be used as a table or a chair. While the original purpose is not known, hutch tables are useful space savers. In a one-room home, like the Peck Residence, space is a luxury. The tabletop can be flipped vertically and stored against a wall when not in use. When used as a chair and positioned in front of a fire, the backside would reflect heat, keeping the user warm.
Lap Desk
In the cramped quarters of the House of Representatives, those who could write often relied on something like a lap desk. The slanted top folds out to provide a full-sized writing surface. Compartments hold inkwells, quills and documents. The use of lap desks was widespread. For example, Thomas Jefferson commissioned a lap desk in early 1776 and used it when he wrote his draft of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson’s lap desk served him over 50 years.
Lap Desk
In the cramped quarters of the House of Representatives, those who could write often relied on something like a lap desk. The slanted top folds out to provide a full-sized writing surface. Compartments hold inkwells, quills and documents. The use of lap desks was widespread. For example, Thomas Jefferson commissioned a lap desk in early 1776 and used it when he wrote his draft of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson’s lap desk served him over 50 years.
Spinning Wheel
The spinning wheel was a common piece of equipment in the 19th century home. It allowed families to spin their own yarn that could be woven into fabric and sewn into clothing. Spinning, weaving and sewing were a regular part of the domestic duties that frontier women performed. In the Peck household, Ruluff’s wife, Adeline, took care of the family, managed the household and likely used a similar spinning wheel. Merchants, like the Pecks, may have sold a variety of fabrics including silk, cotton, muslin, linen and merino to those who could afford it.
Spinning Wheel
The spinning wheel was a common piece of equipment in the 19th century home. It allowed families to spin their own yarn that could be woven into fabric and sewn into clothing. Spinning, weaving and sewing were a regular part of the domestic duties that frontier women performed. In the Peck household, Ruluff’s wife, Adeline, took care of the family, managed the household and likely used a similar spinning wheel. Merchants, like the Pecks, may have sold a variety of fabrics including silk, cotton, muslin, linen and merino to those who could afford it.
Alexander McNair, 1st Governor
Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Alexander McNair moved to St. Louis in 1804 and married Marguerite Susanne de Reihle. For several years, he served as a United States Marshal. During the War of 1812, he served as a colonel in the Missouri militia. In 1820, McNair won Missouri’s first gubernatorial election with a 72% majority over opponent William Clark, of the Lewis and Clark expedition. During his tenure, McNair was responsible for filling the many new positions in state government. He was the only governor who served an entire four-year term in St. Charles. After his term, McNair worked as an Indian agent on behalf of the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs until his death in 1826.
Alexander McNair, 1st Governor
Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Alexander McNair moved to St. Louis in 1804 and married Marguerite Susanne de Reihle. For several years, he served as a United States Marshal. During the War of 1812, he served as a colonel in the Missouri militia. In 1820, McNair won Missouri’s first gubernatorial election with a 72% majority over opponent William Clark, of the Lewis and Clark expedition. During his tenure, McNair was responsible for filling the many new positions in state government. He was the only governor who served an entire four-year term in St. Charles. After his term, McNair worked as an Indian agent on behalf of the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs until his death in 1826.
Animal Furs
For centuries, humans used animal fur for its moisture repellant and heat retention properties. The fur trade in America ramped up during the 17th and 18th centuries. The new colonists needed furs to keep themselves warm in the new terrain. Additionally, the depletion of fur bearing animals in Europe led people to turn to the almost untouched source of furs of the Americas. This was still true through the beginning of Missouri statehood, making fur trapping big business in 1821. The Peck Brothers' Dry Good and Hardware store likely participated in the fur trade in 19th century Missouri.
Animal Furs
For centuries, humans used animal fur for its moisture repellant and heat retention properties. The fur trade in America ramped up during the 17th and 18th centuries. The new colonists needed furs to keep themselves warm in the new terrain. Additionally, the depletion of fur bearing animals in Europe led people to turn to the almost untouched source of furs of the Americas. This was still true through the beginning of Missouri statehood, making fur trapping big business in 1821. The Peck Brothers' Dry Good and Hardware store likely participated in the fur trade in 19th century Missouri.
Animal Traps
Missouri was attractive to European settlers because the abundance of rivers provided travel routes for hunting and trapping. Traps offered many advantages over firearms when collecting furs. Their simple design made them easy to operate and repair. They did not require additional supplies, like gunpowder or bullets. Traps also kept the furs in good condition. Trappers wanted to avoid any tears or bloodstains on the pelt, as it decreased the value. Steel traps, like the ones on display, were handmade and repaired by blacksmiths like Ruluff Peck and sold at a general store. Before the popularity of the steel traps, hunters used wooden traps.
Animal Traps
Missouri was attractive to European settlers because the abundance of rivers provided travel routes for hunting and trapping. Traps offered many advantages over firearms when collecting furs. Their simple design made them easy to operate and repair. They did not require additional supplies, like gunpowder or bullets. Traps also kept the furs in good condition. Trappers wanted to avoid any tears or bloodstains on the pelt, as it decreased the value. Steel traps, like the ones on display, were handmade and repaired by blacksmiths like Ruluff Peck and sold at a general store. Before the popularity of the steel traps, hunters used wooden traps.
Archaeology at the First Missouri State Capitol
After the state acquired the First Missouri State Capitol property in 1960, many questions remained about the history of the buildings and grounds. The first of several archaeological excavations occurred in 1966. They uncovered wells, cisterns, more than 30 privies and two building foundations behind the Capitol. Many theories exist about the functions of the two buildings, but little evidence of their purpose remains. Possible uses for the buildings could be a summer kitchen, an ice house, blacksmith quarters, or storage for the Peck Store. Today, the two building foundations are outlined in reproduction stone.
Archaeology at the First Missouri State Capitol
After the state acquired the First Missouri State Capitol property in 1960, many questions remained about the history of the buildings and grounds. The first of several archaeological excavations occurred in 1966. They uncovered wells, cisterns, more than 30 privies and two building foundations behind the Capitol. Many theories exist about the functions of the two buildings, but little evidence of their purpose remains. Possible uses for the buildings could be a summer kitchen, an ice house, blacksmith quarters, or storage for the Peck Store. Today, the two building foundations are outlined in reproduction stone.
Beaver-Felt Top Hat
From the late-17th to the mid-19th century, beaver-felt top hats stood at the pinnacle of men’s fashion. Even on the Missouri frontier, wealthy and well-regarded men like Missouri's first governor, Alexander McNair, kept up with fashion trends. The combination of the materials and time it took milliners (hat-makers) to create the felt and the hat, made them an expensive accessory. Thus, only wealthy men could afford this luxury.
Beaver-Felt Top Hat
From the late-17th to the mid-19th century, beaver-felt top hats stood at the pinnacle of men’s fashion. Even on the Missouri frontier, wealthy and well-regarded men like Missouri's first governor, Alexander McNair, kept up with fashion trends. The combination of the materials and time it took milliners (hat-makers) to create the felt and the hat, made them an expensive accessory. Thus, only wealthy men could afford this luxury.
Dog-Trot Cabin
The dog-trot was a common cabin design on the rural American frontier, particularly in the south. It features two separate buildings, or rooms, that share a single roof with a breezeway, or dog-trot, in the middle. The breezeway provides shade, shelter from the elements and contains a door for each side. Both rooms have their own chimney and the separate spaces allowed for the separation of tasks. For example, one side could be a summer kitchen and the other side could be sleeping quarters. The cabin moved to the First Missouri State Capitol complex in 1969 from Hillsboro, Missouri. It was donated by the Bridwell family, who had purchased the cabin and surrounding property in 1968 from the Booth family. Research shows the cabin was built around 1850. The Booth family moved into the cabin around 1890 and lived in it until 1968.
Dog-Trot Cabin
The dog-trot was a common cabin design on the rural American frontier, particularly in the south. It features two separate buildings, or rooms, that share a single roof with a breezeway, or dog-trot, in the middle. The breezeway provides shade, shelter from the elements and contains a door for each side. Both rooms have their own chimney and the separate spaces allowed for the separation of tasks. For example, one side could be a summer kitchen and the other side could be sleeping quarters. The cabin moved to the First Missouri State Capitol complex in 1969 from Hillsboro, Missouri. It was donated by the Bridwell family, who had purchased the cabin and surrounding property in 1968 from the Booth family. Research shows the cabin was built around 1850. The Booth family moved into the cabin around 1890 and lived in it until 1968.
Enslavement in Missouri
Missouri’s long history of regulating enslavement starts with the Code Noir, under French and Spanish Rule, and ends with slavery’s abolishment in the state on Jan. 11, 1865. The First Missouri State Capitol played a role in this history with the Solemn Public Act and laws passed on-site in 1824 and 1825. Following the precedent set in the 1824 Missouri Supreme Court case, Winny v. Whitesides, state lawmakers passed a law creating a legal process by which enslaved people could petition for permission to sue for their freedom. The Missouri Supreme Court overturned this precedent in 1857, in Dred Scott’s freedom suit ruling. In 1825, in opposition to the Solemn Public Act, the legislature enacted restrictions on the movement of free blacks “and mulattos” into the state of Missouri. Additional sections restricted ownership of weapons, ability to be a witness in court and defined “mulatto.” Full law attached. Images courtesy of Missouri State Archives.
Enslavement in Missouri
Missouri’s long history of regulating enslavement starts with the Code Noir, under French and Spanish Rule, and ends with slavery’s abolishment in the state on Jan. 11, 1865. The First Missouri State Capitol played a role in this history with the Solemn Public Act and laws passed on-site in 1824 and 1825. Following the precedent set in the 1824 Missouri Supreme Court case, Winny v. Whitesides, state lawmakers passed a law creating a legal process by which enslaved people could petition for permission to sue for their freedom. The Missouri Supreme Court overturned this precedent in 1857, in Dred Scott’s freedom suit ruling. In 1825, in opposition to the Solemn Public Act, the legislature enacted restrictions on the movement of free blacks “and mulattos” into the state of Missouri. Additional sections restricted ownership of weapons, ability to be a witness in court and defined “mulatto.” Full law attached. Images courtesy of Missouri State Archives.
Franklin Stove, Cast Iron
Modern heating and cooling is a luxury that was not available to the legislators in the 1820s. Heating the large meeting room was important, as the General Assembly often met from early November to mid-December. The Senate side of the room had a fireplace, but for the House of Representatives, heating was reliant on something like this Franklin stove. Unlike today, the term “stove” referred to a room heating element as well as an appliance for cooking. The Franklin stove's cast iron structure retained and distributed heat longer than a traditional fireplace, and it conveniently used wood for fuel like the fireplace across the room.
Franklin Stove, Cast Iron
Modern heating and cooling is a luxury that was not available to the legislators in the 1820s. Heating the large meeting room was important, as the General Assembly often met from early November to mid-December. The Senate side of the room had a fireplace, but for the House of Representatives, heating was reliant on something like this Franklin stove. Unlike today, the term “stove” referred to a room heating element as well as an appliance for cooking. The Franklin stove's cast iron structure retained and distributed heat longer than a traditional fireplace, and it conveniently used wood for fuel like the fireplace across the room.
Frederick Bates, 2nd Governor
Born of a prominent Virginia family, Fredrick Bates moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1807 after his appointment as Secretary of the Louisiana Territory. He served in this role until 1812 when Louisiana became a state. He then became secretary of the newly established Missouri Territory until 1820. In 1824, Bates won the gubernatorial election and became the 2nd governor of Missouri. One year later, while in office he died of pleurisy, an inflammation of the lungs. Outside of politics, Bates, age 41, married 16-year-old Nancy Ball in 1819. They had four children: Emily, Lucius, Woodville and Frederick Jr. During his time in Missouri, Bates also acquired the land to build a 1,000-acre estate, Thornhill. He enslaved people to help develop the property. A blacksmith named Benjamin, his wife Winnie, their four young girls named Henrietta, Mary, Harriet and Margaret, and two other women named Silva and Lucy.
Frederick Bates, 2nd Governor
Born of a prominent Virginia family, Fredrick Bates moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1807 after his appointment as Secretary of the Louisiana Territory. He served in this role until 1812 when Louisiana became a state. He then became secretary of the newly established Missouri Territory until 1820. In 1824, Bates won the gubernatorial election and became the 2nd governor of Missouri. One year later, while in office he died of pleurisy, an inflammation of the lungs. Outside of politics, Bates, age 41, married 16-year-old Nancy Ball in 1819. They had four children: Emily, Lucius, Woodville and Frederick Jr. During his time in Missouri, Bates also acquired the land to build a 1,000-acre estate, Thornhill. He enslaved people to help develop the property. A blacksmith named Benjamin, his wife Winnie, their four young girls named Henrietta, Mary, Harriet and Margaret, and two other women named Silva and Lucy.
Herbs
Throughout history, humans have used herbs for perfumes, cooking and treating ailments. European settlers and enslaved Africans transplanted many of the herbs common to North America today, including herbs such as rosemary, lavender and mint, but they also used native species. In Missouri, settlers used American ginseng, wild ginger and coneflower, which they learned about from Indigenous peoples. Americans used the valuable, generational knowledge of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans to treat illness and injury with medicinal herbs.
Herbs
Throughout history, humans have used herbs for perfumes, cooking and treating ailments. European settlers and enslaved Africans transplanted many of the herbs common to North America today, including herbs such as rosemary, lavender and mint, but they also used native species. In Missouri, settlers used American ginseng, wild ginger and coneflower, which they learned about from Indigenous peoples. Americans used the valuable, generational knowledge of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans to treat illness and injury with medicinal herbs.
James Monroe, 5th President of the United States
James Monroe played an important role in the formation of Missouri that often goes overlooked. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Monroe as special envoy to France. His goal was to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and west Florida for $10 million. French leader Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. It was an irresistible offer and Monroe violated Jefferson’s instructions when he agreed. While Monroe exceeded his authority with the Louisiana Purchase, he later won praise as his decision doubled the size of the United States. From 1817 to 1825, Monroe served as the 5th President of the United States. During his terms, he signed the Missouri Compromise and later, the proclamation admitting Missouri to the Union. Missouri was the second state carved out of the Louisiana Territory and the first completely west of the Mississippi River.
James Monroe, 5th President of the United States
James Monroe played an important role in the formation of Missouri that often goes overlooked. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Monroe as special envoy to France. His goal was to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and west Florida for $10 million. French leader Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. It was an irresistible offer and Monroe violated Jefferson’s instructions when he agreed. While Monroe exceeded his authority with the Louisiana Purchase, he later won praise as his decision doubled the size of the United States. From 1817 to 1825, Monroe served as the 5th President of the United States. During his terms, he signed the Missouri Compromise and later, the proclamation admitting Missouri to the Union. Missouri was the second state carved out of the Louisiana Territory and the first completely west of the Mississippi River.
John Miller, 4th Governor
Originally, from Virginia, John Miller moved to Ohio around 1803 where he published the Western Herald. A veteran of the War of 1812, Miller enlisted into the Army and rose to the rank of Colonel. He remained in the Army until 1818, when he moved to Missouri to serve as register of the land office. In Missouri, Miller acquired a large amount of land and wealth, became Missouri’s 4th governor from 1825 to 1832, and served as a U.S. Representative from 1837 to 1843. Both politically and privately, Miller supported the institution of slavery and was an enslaver himself. Miller was the only governor to run unopposed and to serve in both the St. Charles capitol and the new Jefferson City capitol. As a U.S. Representative, Miller urged the General Assembly to provide funding for public education, which eventually led to the creation of the University of Missouri in 1839.
John Miller, 4th Governor
Originally, from Virginia, John Miller moved to Ohio around 1803 where he published the Western Herald. A veteran of the War of 1812, Miller enlisted into the Army and rose to the rank of Colonel. He remained in the Army until 1818, when he moved to Missouri to serve as register of the land office. In Missouri, Miller acquired a large amount of land and wealth, became Missouri’s 4th governor from 1825 to 1832, and served as a U.S. Representative from 1837 to 1843. Both politically and privately, Miller supported the institution of slavery and was an enslaver himself. Miller was the only governor to run unopposed and to serve in both the St. Charles capitol and the new Jefferson City capitol. As a U.S. Representative, Miller urged the General Assembly to provide funding for public education, which eventually led to the creation of the University of Missouri in 1839.
Kentucky Long Rifle, ca. 1800-1830
In 1820s Missouri, it was common for settlers to own at least one firearm for hunting and for possible human conflict, a serious threat at the time. Despite its name, the Kentucky Long Rifle originated in Pennsylvania during the early 1700s. It was one of the first weapons in North America to have rifling, spiraled grooves inside the barrel, as a standard feature. Combined with the long barrel, which helped distribute weight, these features improved accuracy. The firearm was also designed with a flintlock ignition mechanism. When triggered, the flint struck a piece of steel, which caused sparks that ignited the gunpowder and launched the lead ball.
Kentucky Long Rifle, ca. 1800-1830
In 1820s Missouri, it was common for settlers to own at least one firearm for hunting and for possible human conflict, a serious threat at the time. Despite its name, the Kentucky Long Rifle originated in Pennsylvania during the early 1700s. It was one of the first weapons in North America to have rifling, spiraled grooves inside the barrel, as a standard feature. Combined with the long barrel, which helped distribute weight, these features improved accuracy. The firearm was also designed with a flintlock ignition mechanism. When triggered, the flint struck a piece of steel, which caused sparks that ignited the gunpowder and launched the lead ball.
Map of Missouri Counties, ca. 1822
When Missouri applied for statehood in 1818, the organizers proposed state and county borders. Officials drew the western border straight north to south and the state had 15 counties. Senators and House members represented districts that could be single or multiple counties. In 1837, after the Platte Purchase, the expanded border added six counties to the state. Officials purchased this land from the Ioway tribe, and the combined Sac and Fox tribes. According to many critics, this addition violated the terms of the Missouri Compromise. The main argument was that it extended the legal boundaries of human enslavement above the 36’30” parallel.
Map of Missouri Counties, ca. 1822
When Missouri applied for statehood in 1818, the organizers proposed state and county borders. Officials drew the western border straight north to south and the state had 15 counties. Senators and House members represented districts that could be single or multiple counties. In 1837, after the Platte Purchase, the expanded border added six counties to the state. Officials purchased this land from the Ioway tribe, and the combined Sac and Fox tribes. According to many critics, this addition violated the terms of the Missouri Compromise. The main argument was that it extended the legal boundaries of human enslavement above the 36’30” parallel.
Missouri’s First State Capitol
The Peck and Shepard buildings were chosen to house the Capitol for three reasons: 1) its proximity to the Missouri River and Boone’s Lick Trail, 2) the availability of a large meeting space and 3) the City of St. Charles offered the building for two-years rent-free. During the first five years of statehood, the General Assembly met here to create laws for their new state, design the state seal and discuss the Solemn Public Act. After the Capitol moved to Jefferson City, the buildings had several owners and functions. In 1961, the State of Missouri purchased the building and restored it over the next 10 years. It opened as a state historic site within the Missouri State Parks system on February 5, 1971.
Missouri’s First State Capitol
The Peck and Shepard buildings were chosen to house the Capitol for three reasons: 1) its proximity to the Missouri River and Boone’s Lick Trail, 2) the availability of a large meeting space and 3) the City of St. Charles offered the building for two-years rent-free. During the first five years of statehood, the General Assembly met here to create laws for their new state, design the state seal and discuss the Solemn Public Act. After the Capitol moved to Jefferson City, the buildings had several owners and functions. In 1961, the State of Missouri purchased the building and restored it over the next 10 years. It opened as a state historic site within the Missouri State Parks system on February 5, 1971.
Quill Pen, Ink & Baize Cloth
Before the invention of fountain pens, quill pens and ink were two separate commodities. Ingredients to produce ink depended on local resources. In St. Charles, the Missouri legislators likely wrote with black walnut ink. In addition to ink, Indigenous peoples and early European settlers to Missouri used black walnuts for pigments and dyes. Quill pens made from goose feathers were commonly used. To help the quill glide across the paper, soft baize cloths covered the hard, uneven tables. The added cushion from the cloth helped prevent the tip of the quills from breaking.
Quill Pen, Ink & Baize Cloth
Before the invention of fountain pens, quill pens and ink were two separate commodities. Ingredients to produce ink depended on local resources. In St. Charles, the Missouri legislators likely wrote with black walnut ink. In addition to ink, Indigenous peoples and early European settlers to Missouri used black walnuts for pigments and dyes. Quill pens made from goose feathers were commonly used. To help the quill glide across the paper, soft baize cloths covered the hard, uneven tables. The added cushion from the cloth helped prevent the tip of the quills from breaking.
Restoration of the First Missouri State Capitol
After the Capitol moved to Jefferson City in 1826, the buildings now known as the First Missouri State Capitol changed ownership several times. In the 1950s, downtown St. Charles was considered blighted and city officials were looking for a way to revitalize the area. With the threat of demolition, many concerned St. Charles citizens mobilized and petitioned the state to save the First Missouri State Capitol. In 1960, their wish was granted. Over the course of a decade, the state restored the buildings and in 1971, officially opened as the First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site.
Restoration of the First Missouri State Capitol
After the Capitol moved to Jefferson City in 1826, the buildings now known as the First Missouri State Capitol changed ownership several times. In the 1950s, downtown St. Charles was considered blighted and city officials were looking for a way to revitalize the area. With the threat of demolition, many concerned St. Charles citizens mobilized and petitioned the state to save the First Missouri State Capitol. In 1960, their wish was granted. Over the course of a decade, the state restored the buildings and in 1971, officially opened as the First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site.
Rope Bed
Ruluff and Adeline Peck may have had a rope bed such as the one we have on display. A common type of bed at the time, rope beds have a headboard, footboard and two sideboards with rope woven between. Rather than using wooden slats or springs, rope is woven in a lattice pattern, supporting the sleeper. The bed required tightening every few nights using the bed key to prevent sagging. Natural fill such as straw or corn husk, which may have carried bugs, were common materials for stuffing mattresses. Rope beds may be the origin of the phrase “sleep tight, don’t let the bed bugs bite;" but the phrase is open to interpretation.
Rope Bed
Ruluff and Adeline Peck may have had a rope bed such as the one we have on display. A common type of bed at the time, rope beds have a headboard, footboard and two sideboards with rope woven between. Rather than using wooden slats or springs, rope is woven in a lattice pattern, supporting the sleeper. The bed required tightening every few nights using the bed key to prevent sagging. Natural fill such as straw or corn husk, which may have carried bugs, were common materials for stuffing mattresses. Rope beds may be the origin of the phrase “sleep tight, don’t let the bed bugs bite;" but the phrase is open to interpretation.
Sam and Jinney
Despite migrating from a free state, the Pecks did not avoid engaging with enslavement. Probate records show when Ruluff died in 1828, he owed money to an enslaver for two rented children, Sam and Jinney, for time in 1827. Renting or 'hiring out' enslaved individuals was common for enslavers to generate extra income. As well, Charles Peck was sued in a civil action for “kidnapping” an enslaved woman Mary, and her son John, in 1828. He was defended by former Missouri Speaker of the House Henry S. Geyer. Charles argued that Mary and her son were not property. It is unclear how the case was resolved.
Sam and Jinney
Despite migrating from a free state, the Pecks did not avoid engaging with enslavement. Probate records show when Ruluff died in 1828, he owed money to an enslaver for two rented children, Sam and Jinney, for time in 1827. Renting or 'hiring out' enslaved individuals was common for enslavers to generate extra income. As well, Charles Peck was sued in a civil action for “kidnapping” an enslaved woman Mary, and her son John, in 1828. He was defended by former Missouri Speaker of the House Henry S. Geyer. Charles argued that Mary and her son were not property. It is unclear how the case was resolved.
Sand Shakers (or Pounce Pots)
Despite looking like antique saltshakers, these small vessels hold a special type of sand, called pounce. Pounce is a finely ground powder made from pumice, gum-sandarac rosin or crushed cuttlefish bones. A writer could apply pounce to the paper before writing to prevent ink bleed, or apply it after to absorb excess ink and decrease drying time. Blotting paper was an alternative to pounce, but it was more expensive and difficult to get. This allowed pounce and the pounce pot to continue its popularity into the 19th century.
Sand Shakers (or Pounce Pots)
Despite looking like antique saltshakers, these small vessels hold a special type of sand, called pounce. Pounce is a finely ground powder made from pumice, gum-sandarac rosin or crushed cuttlefish bones. A writer could apply pounce to the paper before writing to prevent ink bleed, or apply it after to absorb excess ink and decrease drying time. Blotting paper was an alternative to pounce, but it was more expensive and difficult to get. This allowed pounce and the pounce pot to continue its popularity into the 19th century.
Scale
A scale was a vital tool in a general store, like the Peck Brothers’ Dry Good and Hardware store, for determining an item’s value. Items were not prepackaged and priced on a shelf like we have today. Instead, merchants determined the value of goods based upon their weight, quality and other factors. Balancing scales consist of a central beam that supports two suspended plates equal distance apart. One plate holds the item, merchants then add premeasured weights to the other plate, until both plates are level. After determining the weight, the seller and the buyer bartered, or negotiated, a fair price. The Pecks used scales to sell products like tea, spices and coffee to locals and travelers headed west on the Boone’s Lick Trail.
Scale
A scale was a vital tool in a general store, like the Peck Brothers’ Dry Good and Hardware store, for determining an item’s value. Items were not prepackaged and priced on a shelf like we have today. Instead, merchants determined the value of goods based upon their weight, quality and other factors. Balancing scales consist of a central beam that supports two suspended plates equal distance apart. One plate holds the item, merchants then add premeasured weights to the other plate, until both plates are level. After determining the weight, the seller and the buyer bartered, or negotiated, a fair price. The Pecks used scales to sell products like tea, spices and coffee to locals and travelers headed west on the Boone’s Lick Trail.
Site History
Located a stone’s throw from the Missouri River, First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site represents our state’s beginning and the early history of St. Charles. Indigenous people lived and traded in the area before French fur trapper Louis Blanchette established “Les Petites Cotes” in 1769. In 1791, the Spanish changed the settlement’s name to “San Carlos.” The area now known as St. Charles has flown under three flags: French, Spanish and American. Between 1818 and 1819, brothers Charles and Ruluff Peck constructed two-thirds of the building that served as the first Capitol of Missouri. The brothers resided and operated a general store out of the first floor. Chauncey Shepard, a carpenter, built the northern-most building around 1819 and also resided in and operated a business out of the first floor. All three buildings connect via the second floor to create a meeting space. These chambers served as the Capitol from 1821 to 1826 and had space for the Senate and House of Representatives, a small hallway, a committee room and governor’s office. Music courtesy of Dennis and Curtis Buckhannon. Image courtesy of The State Historical Society of Missouri.
Site History
Located a stone’s throw from the Missouri River, First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site represents our state’s beginning and the early history of St. Charles. Indigenous people lived and traded in the area before French fur trapper Louis Blanchette established “Les Petites Cotes” in 1769. In 1791, the Spanish changed the settlement’s name to “San Carlos.” The area now known as St. Charles has flown under three flags: French, Spanish and American. Between 1818 and 1819, brothers Charles and Ruluff Peck constructed two-thirds of the building that served as the first Capitol of Missouri. The brothers resided and operated a general store out of the first floor. Chauncey Shepard, a carpenter, built the northern-most building around 1819 and also resided in and operated a business out of the first floor. All three buildings connect via the second floor to create a meeting space. These chambers served as the Capitol from 1821 to 1826 and had space for the Senate and House of Representatives, a small hallway, a committee room and governor’s office. Music courtesy of Dennis and Curtis Buckhannon. Image courtesy of The State Historical Society of Missouri.
The 24th State and the Missouri Compromise
In 1818, when Missouri applied for statehood, 22 states made up the Union; 11 free states and 11 slave states. The inclusion of Missouri as a slave state would have created an imbalance. After much heated debate and several rejected proposals, Congress settled on the Missouri Compromise, proposed by then Speaker of the House, Henry Clay. The Compromise allowed Maine to enter the Union as a free state, and Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. It also banned slavery in the territory above Missouri’s southern border, the 36’30” parallel. Maine became a state on March 15, 1820. Missouri followed on Aug. 10, 1821.
The 24th State and the Missouri Compromise
In 1818, when Missouri applied for statehood, 22 states made up the Union; 11 free states and 11 slave states. The inclusion of Missouri as a slave state would have created an imbalance. After much heated debate and several rejected proposals, Congress settled on the Missouri Compromise, proposed by then Speaker of the House, Henry Clay. The Compromise allowed Maine to enter the Union as a free state, and Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. It also banned slavery in the territory above Missouri’s southern border, the 36’30” parallel. Maine became a state on March 15, 1820. Missouri followed on Aug. 10, 1821.
The Missouri River
Prior to European settlement, the Missouri River was a life-sustaining resource and transportation route for many Indigenous tribes. Later, the river served the same purpose for European settlers. At the time of the First Missouri State Capitol, the river was much wider and shallower than it is today. The bank of the river once reached where the site’s east fence line is today. As early as 1819, the U.S. government began engineering the river for better navigation and flood control, making it narrower and deeper. Major rivers remained the most efficient form of long-distance travel until the expansion of rail systems in the late 19th century. The location of St. Charles along the Missouri River was one of the deciding factors in making St. Charles the temporary state capital. The Missouri River was also a deciding factor in the location of Jefferson City, the permanent state capital.
The Missouri River
Prior to European settlement, the Missouri River was a life-sustaining resource and transportation route for many Indigenous tribes. Later, the river served the same purpose for European settlers. At the time of the First Missouri State Capitol, the river was much wider and shallower than it is today. The bank of the river once reached where the site’s east fence line is today. As early as 1819, the U.S. government began engineering the river for better navigation and flood control, making it narrower and deeper. Major rivers remained the most efficient form of long-distance travel until the expansion of rail systems in the late 19th century. The location of St. Charles along the Missouri River was one of the deciding factors in making St. Charles the temporary state capital. The Missouri River was also a deciding factor in the location of Jefferson City, the permanent state capital.
The Peck Family
Entrepreneurial brothers, Charles and Ruluff Peck, moved from Vermont to Missouri and settled in St. Charles by 1818. They constructed Peck Row the following year, consisting of two federal-style redbrick buildings that joined on the second floor. The first floor of the southern building served as their residence. By 1820, Ruluff married a young woman named Adeline Stoddard, and Charles likely moved out of the one-room residence. Adeline gave birth to three children, Jane Harriet in 1820, Robert Ruluff in 1823 and Edward Charles in 1827. In 1828, Ruluff died, but during his lifetime, he was a prominent member of the St. Charles community as a blacksmith, County Court Judge, city trustee and chairman of the board of corporate affairs. Adeline sold her share of the property to Charles after Ruluff’s death, and Charles owned Peck Row until 1837. He moved to Galena, Illinois by 1840, and lived there until his death in 1849.
The Peck Family
Entrepreneurial brothers, Charles and Ruluff Peck, moved from Vermont to Missouri and settled in St. Charles by 1818. They constructed Peck Row the following year, consisting of two federal-style redbrick buildings that joined on the second floor. The first floor of the southern building served as their residence. By 1820, Ruluff married a young woman named Adeline Stoddard, and Charles likely moved out of the one-room residence. Adeline gave birth to three children, Jane Harriet in 1820, Robert Ruluff in 1823 and Edward Charles in 1827. In 1828, Ruluff died, but during his lifetime, he was a prominent member of the St. Charles community as a blacksmith, County Court Judge, city trustee and chairman of the board of corporate affairs. Adeline sold her share of the property to Charles after Ruluff’s death, and Charles owned Peck’s Row until 1837. He moved to Galena, Illinois by 1840, and lived there until his death in 1849.
The Solemn Public Act
Following the Missouri Compromise in 1820, delegates elected to the Constitutional Convention of Missouri met in downtown St. Louis to write the new state constitution. After only 38 days, the constitution went to Congress. It included a clause that prevented “free Negroes and mulattoes from coming to and settling in the state upon any pretext whatsoever." Some legislators believed that this clause violated the U.S. Constitution, stalling Missouri’s admission to the Union. Congress required Missouri to pledge that no law would be enacted relying on this clause to exclude U.S. citizens from the new state borders. The Missouri legislature did so, passing the “Solemn Public Act” during a special session in St. Charles in June 1821. This action allowed Missouri admission into the Union. Missouri became the 24th state on Aug. 10, 1821; roughly 18 months after the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
The Solemn Public Act
Following the Missouri Compromise in 1820, delegates elected to the Constitutional Convention of Missouri met in downtown St. Louis to write the new state constitution. After only 38 days, the constitution went to Congress. It included a clause that prevented “free Negroes and mulattoes from coming to and settling in the state upon any pretext whatsoever." Some legislators believed that this clause violated the U.S. Constitution, stalling Missouri’s admission to the Union. Congress required Missouri to pledge that no law would be enacted relying on this clause to exclude U.S. citizens from the new state borders. The Missouri legislature did so, passing the “Solemn Public Act” during a special session in St. Charles in June 1821. This action allowed Missouri admission into the Union. Missouri became the 24th state on Aug. 10, 1821; roughly 18 months after the Missouri Compromise of 1820.